03:11 What drew Matt to studying the science of aging

He attended a talk at grad school by Prof. Leonard Guarente about how we can use genetics and molecular biology to study the biological aging process in single cells

Matt was drawn to the that fact you could use these tools to understand something so complex

Matt likes to apply his knowledge from the clinical world to the real world

05:26 Understanding healthspan

Lifespan is the measure from birth to death, which is a very simple measurement

One definition of healthspan is �the period of life spent in good health free from chronic disease and disability�

Healthspan is a qualitative concept

The goal of geroscience research is to maximise healthspan

People are after a longer healthspan than a longer lifespan

Matt touches on that traditional medicine has extended the average lifespan, but healthspan has not proportionally grown as much

Traditional medicine is given to people when they are sick, whilst geroscience is targeting the biology of aging to prevent people from getting sick in the first place

12:07 How much is known about the aging process?

Over the last two decades there has been a significant advancement in the study of aging at a cellular level

One of the �hallmarks� of aging is a decrease in resilience, which causes an increased risk in fatal diseases and a decline in the ability to recover from physical and environmental stress

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain one�s optimal physiological state � the younger you are, the quicker you are able to return to your optimal state

15:47 How can people learn what is best for them in relation to their aging process?

It�s important to pay attention to what�s right for you, in terms of energy levels, how you feel, etc.

At a general level, maintain a healthy weight and avoid simple processed carbohydrates

Most nutritional research in aging comes from mouse studies, which Matt believes doesn�t translate precisely for humans

Find a strategy that works for the long-term and doesn�t leave you feeling deprived

There is no solid evidence to suggest that we should revert back to the diets of our ancestors

25:30 The correlation between calorie restriction and healthspan

There is a rough linear connection between calorie restriction and lifespan, e.g. a third of mice in a study had a 30% restriction in calories which increased their lifespan by 30%

However, humans are much more genetically diverse compared to mice and there is no way to determine if you are in that third

The best way is to get yourself to a health weight and stay there

28:37 Are there reliable biomarkers to monitor the consequences of aging?

The epigenetic aging clock refers to markers in our DNA which are measured as we age, which helps predict where we are chronologically

It�s good to monitor where people fit in line with their chronological age

Science is getting closer to having a toolkit to measure multiple aspects of aging, which gives us tools to test interventions

34:03 Are there any leading prescriptions or supplements that can help with aging?

Exercise that is a mix of resistance and cardiovascular is the most important intervention

Work on the foundation first: sleep, food and exercise

The benefits of supplementation is less impactful than having the above foundation

Nothing has been clinically validated to prove that a certain supplement can help to positively modulate the biological aging of humans

Rapamycin has clearly and robustly proven beneficial in animal studies

Always consider the risk-reward of prescriptions or supplements, e.g. side effects

42:13 What is rapamycin?

It was first discovered on Easter Island and has anti-fungal and anti-cancer properties

It was first clinically developed to prevent organ transplant rejection

There is some evidence in mice studies of rapamycin reversing some aspects of aging, including improving the function of organs

Matt had a frozen shoulder, which is a chronic age-related inflammatory condition, and he took rapamycin to treat it � within ten weeks he recovered, but he can�t prove that it wasn�t a placebo effect

55:23 The Dog Aging Project

It focuses on the animal model of dogs for research

Dogs are much closer to us, and as pets they generally have something unique to us � they share our environment